D.O. Ride My See-Saw, Mr. Bond

Florida has interesting things to say about Polar See-Saws. Heinrich, too.

There are three things (among others…) that interweave in climate history. (Real climate history, not the “30 year average of weather” that some folks think is history. We’re talking 100,000 year scale here.) These are Heinrich Events, Dansgaard-Oeschger Events, and Bond Events ( Bond Cycles ).

This paper ties together some of the Heinrich Event actions with some of the D.O. Events.

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/abrupt/data3.html and it lists some of the theories as to why they happen. (Folks don’t really know).

What are they? Sudden excursions in the temperature regime of the earth. Both hot and cold. I mostly find that link useful for this graph:

Heinrich D.O. Events data3-gisp2-icecore

First off, notice that H. Events are much more rare. They are an ice rafted debris cycle, so you must have a lot of N. Hemisphere ice to do the rafting. Then it has to get broken up. So it’s possible that they are very special and rare, or that it just takes a bit more “oomph” in a faster cycle every so often to get one.

Key takeaway for Heinrich events is that they show a wobble in temperature. A rise and a fall.

This paper says it is due to the ocean circulation having a swap of ‘mode’:

http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/Publications/Nature/rapid.pdf

Abrupt changes in climate, termed Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events, have punctuated the last glacial period (~100 – 10 kyr ago) but not the Holocene (the past 10 kyr). Here we use an intermediate-complexity climate model to investigate the stability of glacial climate, and we find that only one mode of Atlantic Ocean circulation is stable: a cold mode with deep water formation in the Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland. However, a `warm’ circulation mode similar to the present-day Atlantic Ocean is only marginally unstable, and temporary transitions to this warm mode can easily be triggered. This leads to abrupt warm events in the model which share many characteristics of the observed Dansgaard-Oeschger events. For a large freshwater input (such as a large release of icebergs), the model’s deep water formation is temporarily switched off, causing no strong cooling in Greenland but warming in Antarctica, as is observed for Heinrich events. Our stability analysis provides an explanation why glacial climate is much more variable than Holocene climate.

Of particular interest is that “warming in Antarctica”. During a Heinrich Event, the Antarctic gets very warm while Greenland is getting cold. Called a “Polar See-Saw” or my favorite, a “Bi-Polar See-Saw”. (Somehow the idea of a ‘bipolar arctic’ climate has a nice ring to it ;-) So in the run-of the mill D.O. event, the arctic gets colder but sometimes “something special” happens and we get a Bipolar See-Saw with a cool Greenland and a warmer Antarctic.

Two main types of abrupt climate changes have punctuated the last glacial period: Dansgaard-Oeschger (D/O) events and Heinrich events. D/O events typically start with an abrupt warming of Greenland by 5-10 °C over a few decades or less, followed by gradual cooling over several hundred or several thousand years. This cooling phase often ends with an abrupt final reduction of temperature back to cold (`stadial’) conditions.

Oddly like what we’ve had now. Warming, especially in Greenland and N. Canada, while the Antarctic gets more ice.

D/O climate change is centred on the North Atlantic and on regions with strong atmospheric response to changes in that area, and shows only a weak response in the Southern Ocean or Antarctica. The `waiting time’ between successive D/O events is most often around 1,500 years, or, with decreasing probability, near 3,000 or 4,500 years (ref. 9). This suggests the existence of an as-yet unexplained 1,500-year cycle which often (but not always) triggers a D/O event.

Here we again see that 1500 year ( 1,470 yr ) cycle that shows up in Bond Events. Whatever it is, it’s been fairly consistently present for 120,000 years with some indications it was present in the prior Ice Age Glacial period as well. This is a persistent cycle that can not be ignored. It’s real, and it’s not going away.

Sometimes it does not cause enough ‘mayhem’ to show up in the particular climate proxy records, but the period persists.

Sometimes, there’s added strength to the “bipolar seesaw” and we get an Antarctic surge in temperatures too. Typically in the opposite direction.

So what have we had “lately” (coming out of the Little Ice Age)? A surge in warmth in Europe and Greenland, and an increasing build up of ice lately in Antarctica.

The paper goes on to postulate that a slow down of the thermohaline circulation (in particular, the Gulf Stream) is an important factor, and runs some computer models that they claim show how the change happens with a shift from deep water formation to not. OK, a model is never proof, but it can be an interesting jumping off point for mental images.

We need to ponder “what can shut off the T.H. Circulation or cause the Gulf Stream to shift position. Oh, and recognize that it isn’t “Global Warming” that does it… During the Holocene, we’ve had much more stable temperatures in part due to the added warmth making the T.H. Circulation more reliable…

Once the system is in the `warm’ mode with convection in latitudes north of Iceland, it becomes insensitive to the applied, weak 1,500-year forcing cycle (this experiment was performed but is not detailed here). The freshwater budget of the Nordic Seas is then dominated by the vigorous circulation; anomalies in surface forcing cannot accumulate to create noticeable salinity anomalies as in the stratified `cold’ mode. For this reason, the Holocene climate in our model is stable with respect to the 1,500-year forcing cycle, while the glacial climate is not. We can thus explain the large fluctuations of Greenland temperature during the glacial climate in terms of ocean circulation instability, requiring only a weak trigger but not necessarily any major ice-sheet instability. In the Holocene, the 1,500-year cycle is still present but is not amplified by ocean circulation instability, so that its signature is only weak.

First off, this is A Very Big Deal! It means that as long as we’re warm, we stay warm and relatively stable. Secondly, it says that once we start getting significantly cold, things become more unstable, and we can ‘latch up’ into a very cold configuration of water flow. The article also talks about a mode during transitions from generally warm / cold to the other where things are more prone to twitching back and forth. So, since we’re on the cusp of a new Glacial, in terms of Milankovich cycles and W/m^2 north of 60 degrees… at some point we get just a tiny bit too cold, then when we hit the 1500 year “bump” (whatever it is), we have the oceans switch to a cold phase circulation and Europe goes into the meat locker…. Southern Hemisphere not so much… ( I presume North America / Canada too, as that’s where the glacial ice sheet forms, but that could stand checking.)

Well.

Harrumph…

The Little Ice Age, IMHO, almost shoved us over that hump. Glaciers were busy growing. Snow and cold winds were all over. Things were well on their way. Then the sun started being a bit warmer and the ice melted and we returned to the MWP kinds of temperatures. Barely. It would be really useful to know if there are any 1700s-1800s era ships logs showing the Gulf Stream as less strong then. We might well have been on the edge of a flip.

But what about now? Some postings back there was a Gulf Stream map showing it was weakening a bit. Not a lot, just enough to raise notice. A bit of web searching shows many “official” reports that it’s not slowing down, but some folks looking at the data movies think it is. The rather giant animation from here looks like it is to me:

http://rads.tudelft.nl/gulfstream/anim.shtml

(Found at a link here:

http://the-tap.blogspot.com/2011/09/gulf-stream-change-spells-big-freeze.html )

At the start, there’s a fairly straight line running right at Europe. Lots of steady red and yellow. Toward the 2012 end, it gets more twisted and broken, with less ‘color’ less often at the right side. Realistically, it would take a much longer and more mathematical view of the data to say for sure (and that this wasn’t just an average ‘wobble’). Yet it is ‘suspicious’ to me that it comes as the sun is quieted down. If it gets worse over the next few years, well, I think it will be a slightly early indicator for “issues” in Europe.

So, back at the Bipolar See-Saw…

I’d mentioned before that I’d seen hints of it in the GHCN data. At least it is nice to have it confirmed as existing. That the Antarctic is presently adding ice and quite cold, while the Arctic has been warming (largely from warm water ingress) does leave me wondering if we’ve just been living through the warm side of a “Bond Cycle”. (The “Bond Cycle” looks to be the entire 1470 year warm-then-cold process, that ends in the cold spike Bond Event.)

The wiki has nearly nothing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_see-saw

The polar see-saw is the phenomenon that temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres may be out of phase. This is usually studied in the context of ice-cores taken from Antarctica and Greenland.

That’s it. The whole thing. There’s three references down at the bottom and one not very good graph of Antarctic vs Greenland ice cores.

Sigh… Something potentially central to how the climate works, that has had frequent and dramatic involvement in major climate events, such as Heinrich and D.O. events, and it has less than a definition… and barely a description of it.

This one has a fascinating color graph of oxygen isotope distribution in the three ocean basins. Like a 3 dimensional Y with colored sides.

http://pages-142.unibe.ch/products/newsletters/2010-1/Open%20highlights/Jung_2010-1(36-38).pdf

One likely mechanism for the climatic asynchronicity involves an interhemispheric imbalance in heat storage (Stocker and Johnsen, 2003). Surface ocean records from the South Atlantic Ocean (Barker et al., 2009) indeed show a climate change pattern opposed to that in Greenland ice cores supporting the view that asynchronous heat storage is instrumental in off-setting Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate change at the millennial-scale.

Gee… wonder how much of the “Global Warming” out of the Little Ice Age is just that we had nearly zero thermometers in the Southern Hemisphere then to notice the “See-Saw”…

They go on to look at a lot of things (like little microscopic shells and such) to support the view that formation of Antarctic Intermediate Water is the key. I’ve suggested that such changes in Antarctic water circulation would be driven by how the circumpolar current whacks into Drake Passage and that changes in the polar vortex winds and earth rotation (LOD) along with lunar tidal forces would be important to that process.

This one is paywalled, so only the excerpt is available:

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010GL042793.shtml

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37, L08703, 4 PP., 2010
doi:10.1029/2010GL042793

Twentieth century bipolar seesaw of the Arctic and Antarctic surface air temperatures

Understanding the phase relationship between climate changes in the Arctic and Antarctic regions is essential for our understanding of the dynamics of the Earth’s climate system. In this paper we show that the 20th century de-trended Arctic and Antarctic temperatures vary in anti-phase seesaw pattern – when the Arctic warms the Antarctica cools and visa versa. This is the first time that a bi-polar seesaw pattern has been identified in the 20th century Arctic and Antarctic temperature records. The Arctic (Antarctic) de-trended temperatures are highly correlated (anti-correlated) with the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) index suggesting the Atlantic Ocean as a possible link between the climate variability of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Recent accelerated warming of the Arctic results from a positive reinforcement of the linear warming trend (due to an increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and other possible forcings) by the warming phase of the multidecadal climate variability (due to fluctuations of the Atlantic Ocean circulation).

Which just leaves me wondering why, if this is well known, folks have their panties in a bunch about the Arctic having a bit of melt when the Antarctic is being particularly cold. Looks like that’s absolutely normal.

Then this paper finds evidence for the changes in water flow in Florida during the last glacial:

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/pubweb/~ashworth/webpages/g440/Grimm_et_al_Lake_Tulane.pdf

UPDATE: It looks like that prior link is now dead, but the paper looks to be this one:

http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/publications/Jacobson%20et%20al.%202012%20Hg%20in%20L.%20Tulane%20ES%26T%2046%20%2011210-11717%5b1%5d.pdf

Maybe the guy moved from ‘nodak.edu’ to ‘um.maine.edu’? and took his stuff with him?… End Update.

What I find particularly interesting about this one is that it shows that even Florida is anti-phase to Greenland. Mostly it is based on water, rather than directly on cold, but that’s fine. It finds that during the glacial (when Florida was about twice as wide as it is today), the way rains were controlled by warm / cold was about the same. When it is cold, not much rain. When it’s warm, lots of rain. Now that happens between winter and summer, then it shows up as a climate shift.

So every Heinrich Event shows up as cold in Europe, but wet in Florida (so the pine trees grow and the pine pollen spikes up) as Florida gets wetter and warmer. When it’s warm in Europe, Florida is more cool, so dry, and you get oaks. There’s a lot more in the article. Grasses and some other plants too. GISP Ice cores.

The key takeaways for me were simple. That 1500 year cycle keeps on happening. Though sometimes with a partial skip (weak cycle). It is water mediated with the Gulf Stream taking a break for a while and both Arctic and Antarctic deep water formation being involved. Something outside natural ocean oscillations drives it as it stays on the same periodicity despite a variety of ocean changes and ice changes and even strength of event changes. The metronome doesn’t shift much (though the effects sometimes skip a beat).

Whatever “it” is, it effects ocean circulation on a very wide scale, and the ‘backing up’ of the Gulf stream in particular, and other places in general, will cause various shifts of wet / dry and warm / cold to happen.

But perhaps most comforting, for me, is just the realization that a D. O., or Heinrich or even Bond Event while a global event has different local impacts. So if, right now, a Bond Event happened and England were starting to freeze over: Florida would be getting a bit warmer and have plenty of rain to grow tropical food plants. (So all you folks in the UK, get your passports ready and “Come On Down!!” ;-)

A Magnetic Worry

What lead me to this whole exploration was a comment on WUWT. (So H/T William! even if his use of quotation marks make it bit hard to tell whats in AR-5 and what’s him talking.)

William says:
December 14, 2012 at 7:02 am

AR-5 really does scare the socks off. The fear is abrupt global cooling, however, rather than AGW.

For example;

• Observations of Antarctic sea ice extent show a small but significant increase by 1.4 [1.2 to 1.6] % per decade between 1979 and 2011. {4.2.3}

The reduction in Arctic sea ice and increase in Antarctic sea ice has happened before and is called the polar see-saw or polar anomaly. (See Svensmark’s attached paper.) The polar see-saw occurs during Dansgaard-Oscheger events (also called Bond events). It is now apparent the later 20th century warming was a Bond event. Gerald Bond found evidence of cosmogenic isotope changes at each of a long series of warming followed by cooling events (he has able to track 25 events through current interglacial Holocene and into the last glacial period, at which point he reached the limit of the range of the proxy analysis technique) which indicates a solar magnetic cycle change caused the warming followed by cooling cycle.

Roughly every 6000 years to 8000 years, the Bond event (warming followed by gradual cooling) is followed by an abrupt cooling event which is called a Heinrich event. We have experienced the most activity set of solar magnetic cycles and the longest continuous set of high activity solar magnetic cycles in 11,000 years. There has been an abrupt change from a set of very, very, high solar magnetic cycle activity to what will be apparent next year is a special Maunder minimum. The cosmogenic isotope record indicates that pattern correlates with a Heinrich event.

I think he’s got a Bond cycle swapped for Bond event in that the cycle is the whole package of warming and cooling while the Event is the cold spike, but I probably ought to verify the definitions, and it likely isn’t too important anyway. Just that we’ve not had the cold spike… yet…

But note that he mentions solar MAGNETIC. On the chart in that Florida paper, is an interesting intersection of magnetic and a Heinrich Event. The Laschamp Geomagnetic Excursion is rather near H5 and near a little black arrow denoting a Carbon 14 dating discontinuity… “Something happened”… Was it ‘earth only’ or was there a Solar “kicker”?

That, at present, we are having a magnetic reduction all over the Earth, and in particular an odd ‘excursion’ near Florida (the “Bermuda Triangle” area has sporadic ‘wrong way’ loops of magnetism accounting for the occasional compass behaviour) is, I think, worth noting.

There is also a “Mono Lake Geomagnetic Excursion” noted but not near a Heinrich event (though it does intersect one of the warm peaks in Florida and has a C14 excursion marker).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_excursion

Notes that, unlike full on field reversals, these are more localized (though can be global) and limited in strength and duration.

A geomagnetic excursion, like a geomagnetic reversal, is a significant change in the Earth’s magnetic field. Unlike reversals however, an excursion does not permanently change the large-scale orientation of the field, but rather represents a dramatic, typically short-lived decrease in field intensity, with a variation in pole orientation of up to 45 degrees from the previous position. These events, which typically last a few thousand to a few tens of thousands of years, often involve declines in field strength to between 0 and 20% of normal. Excursions, unlike reversals, are generally not recorded across the entire globe. This is partially due to them not being recorded well within the sedimentary record, but also because they likely do not extend through the entire geomagnetic field. One of the first excursions to be studied was the Laschamp event, dated at around 40,000 years ago. Since this event has also been seen in sites across the globe, it is suggested as one of the few examples of a truly global excursion

It can be fairly short:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012E%26PSL.351…54N

Investigated sediment cores from the southeastern Black Sea provide a high-resolution record from mid latitudes of the Laschamp geomagnetic polarity excursion. Age constraints are provided by 16 AMS 14C ages, identification of the Campanian Ignimbrite tephra (39.28±0.11 ka), and by detailed tuning of sedimentologic parameters of the Black Sea sediments to the oxygen isotope record from the Greenland NGRIP ice core. According to the derived age model, virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) positions during the Laschamp excursion persisted in Antarctica for an estimated 440 yr, making the Laschamp excursion a short-lived event with fully reversed polarity directions. The reversed phase, centred at 41.0 ka, is associated with a significant field intensity recovery to 20% of the preceding strong field maximum at ˜50 ka. Recorded field reversals of the Laschamp excursion, lasting only an estimated ˜250 yr, are characterized by low relative paleointensities (5% relative to 50 ka). The central, fully reversed phase of the Laschamp excursion is bracketed by VGP excursions to the Sargasso Sea (˜41.9 ka) and to the Labrador Sea (˜39.6 ka). Paleomagnetic results from the Black Sea are in excellent agreement with VGP data from the French type locality which facilitates the chronological ordering of the non-superposed lavas that crop out at Laschamp–Olby. In addition, VGPs between 34 and 35 ka reach low northerly to equatorial latitudes during a clockwise loop, inferred to be the Mono lake excursion.

Hmmmm…

We’re starting to get an annoying number of things all lining up. A warm event, the sun suddenly taking a nap and things turning oddly cooler, the Gulf Stream starting to get curly and wandering weakening, a Bipolar See-Saw, and the declining magnetic field with known sporadic compass irregularities near Florida and off of South America.

I note in passing that one of the articles cited is:

Valet, Jean-Pierre; Valladas, Hélène (2010). “The Laschamp-Mono lake geomagnetic events and the extinction of Neanderthal: a causal link or a coincidence?”. Quaternary Science Reviews 29 (27-28): 3887–3893. Bibcode 2010QSRv…29.3887V. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.010.

If not so coincidental, that could indicate cause for concern in the old stomping grounds of the Neanderthals – Western Europe…

http://johnhawks.net/node/16282 explores this a bit more.

No special attention has been given to the geomagnetic excursions of Laschamp and Mono Lake which are synchroneous with the extinction and were the most dramatic events encountered by the Neanderthals over the past 250 thousand years of their existence. During this period the geomagnetic field strength was considerably reduced and the shielding efficiency of the magnetosphere lowered, leaving energetic particles reach latitudes as low as 30°. The enhanced flux of high-energy protons (linked to solar activity) into the atmosphere yielded significant ozone depletion down to latitudes of 40–45°. A direct consequence was an increase of the UV-B radiations at the surface which might have reached at least 15–20% in Europe with significant impacts on health of human populations. We suggest that these conditions, added to some other factors, contributed to the demise of Neanderthal population.

http://www.geo.uu.nl/~forth/publications/Related_pubs/Worm97.pdf

Abstract

The apparent duration of geomagnetic polarity events in Arctic Ocean sediments is much longer than in sediments from lower latitudes. In fact, while the remanence of Brunhes age sediment cores from the Yermak Plateau at 82 Degrees N is fully reversed for ~30% of their lengths the events often evade detection in many other continuously deposited sediments. For example, the Laschamp event is absent in an otherwise high-resolution record of secular variation from Lac du Bouchet which is located near the Laschamp volcanics, where the event was first detected. Very short event durations of a few hundred years at the most have been suggested before. Because sedimentation rates in the Arctic Ocean were increased during glaciations, the exaggerated proportion of reverse polarities in sediments from high latitudes suggests a link between glaciation and field reversals. This suggestion is supported by previous magnetostratigraphic results obtained from thick loessrpaleosol sequences in China. These demonstrate that all polarity boundaries separating chrons and subchrons since the Gauss–Matuyama field reversal have been recorded in loess, and thus during periods of cold climate, although conflicting evidence exists for some boundaries. Furthermore, the ages of 22 events and chron boundaries have been compared with the oxygen-isotope record thought to represent global ice volume. All events and reversals younger than 2.6 Ma may have occurred during periods of global cooling or during cold stages; however, some ages are still too poorly dated for a definite correlation. Climatic signals also exist in the two longest relative paleointensity records but these are suspected to be caused by climatically driven variations in the rock magnetic parameters. A mechanism for field reversals may be the acceleration of the Earth’s rotation, caused by lowering of the sea level during glaciations. The short duration of events also implies that the geomagnetic field can reverse an order of magnitude faster than commonly assumed.

So given that Wilson found a Length Of Day change (not a big one, but still, one was there) that correlated with ocean changes, and we’ve got ocean change connected to D.O. / Bond / Heinrich events… Well, lets just say that all those “odd” correlation graphs done by Vukcevic and the “Homopolar Motor” analogies tossed out by Adolfo are starting to look more like they may have a mechanism through which to work.

Interesting pictures of the ‘three poles’: http://www.vukcevic.talktalk.net/MF.htm

In Conclusion

I think I can now pull together the relationship of the three event types. They are all, really, variations on a theme. D.O. and Heinrich events differ in exactly how the ocean currents shift, and must happen during a cold ocean regime. They also differ in how cold it is near Greenland when they begin. Bond Events happen during a warm ocean regime (but still happen…)

They are all likely connected to a pause or redirection of the Gulf stream (and likely other major ocean currents, as the whole thing is connected).

They are driven by an external metronome, and likely one that causes / reflects a magnetic “excursion” flicker in the Earth magnetic field (at least for the larger ones).

We need to keep in mind that we’re expecting a Dalton or perhaps even a Maunder Minimum type event from the sun. But only because they are the examples we have seen. As this is a 1500 (1470) year cycle, it is quite possible that the Sun has a mode of oscillation for which we have no observational history at all. Since the last one would have been about 540 AD, and then a whole lot of civilization and history were lost; there is nothing at all to prevent our getting “something unexpected” that only comes round every 1500 years.

As there IS an Antarctic Bi-Polar see-saw involved, the entire Southern Hemisphere is likely to do “OK” through this event, whatever it is. It would likely be a good idea to find out what historical climate was like in any of the prior periods, just to be sure, and, just to be prepared. 900 BC to about 700 BC. 400 AD to about 700 AD. The Maya peaked at about 800 AD after a long rise, so my speculation would be that all of South America could do rather well.

IMHO (and here’s where I take that leap off the pier…) this is a largely solar driven event, but with lunar tidal involvement. The sun “goes sleepy”, and perhaps very sleepy, right at the time when the lunar tidal and angular momentum transfers make the ocean sensitive to current shifts. Similar shifts happen in the moving conductive fluids that make up the ‘dynamo’ giving us our magnetic field. Depending on the particular states of all those things, and likely some particulars of variation in the driving force, we get different strength events.

It happens every 1500 years. You can’t stop it. You can’t change it. You can’t even accurately predict it. (In particular, was the Little Ice Age THIS 1500 year “one”? Or was that The Dark Ages starting in 535 AD?)

Earlier we saw my speculation about 1/2 Period Bond Events.
https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2011/02/22/intermediate-period-half-bond-events/

I think that makes the Little Ice Age a 1/2 period event. The Iron Age Cold Period was Bond Event 2 and had onset at 900 BC. Add 3000 to that you get 2100 AD. Yet it’s really 1470 not 1500 per cycle… Now it becomes 2040 AD. Remarkably close to the 2030-2040 AD range of some of the current estimates for deep cold (especially Habibullo I. Abdussamatov out of Russia whom I had the great pleasure of meeting once…). Add 1470 AD to 900 BC, you get 570 AD. Rather close to that Dark Ages beginning date.

And take the 535 AD known start, add 1470, you end up at 2005. Just about the time this solar funk started. Make it even one or two solar cycles of ‘jitter’ off, and we’re at 535+1500 = 2035 AD (or 2025 AD ). In all cases, the error bands on a 1500 ish year estimate make it “about now” and not “about 1800 AD”.

But at least now we have a better idea what “indicators” to look for. Changes in the Gulf Stream. Extra cold in England and northern Western Europe. Ongoing magnetic field decay, and increasing sporadic field reversal / abnormal areas. Length Of Day changes (of small degree, but out of the ordinary for recent times). We can also speculate that the “backing up” of the Gulf Stream and added warmth in the Gulf of Mexico will result in a hotter middle of the USA. (Golly, haven’t we been seeing that lately?…) and a set of very nice weather in Florida.

This, too, lets us know “how to cope”.

Move to Florida…

So, with that, I offer an invitation to Habibullo and TonyB that if things get too cold in Russia and the UK, I’ll sponsor them for a US residency as long as they rent a house in Florida where I can stay ;-)

As much as it could be a very cold disaster to have a Little Ice Age right now, the reality is that knowing there are some places that pick up warmth and moisture means that there are coping options available. That’s a really big deal.

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